This study seeks to understand what has caused and continues to cause South Africa’s R&D efforts to not yield intended outcomes in innovation, industrial development, employment, and economic growth. The study employs a case study approach using some of the R&D-led projects in South Africa since 1994. The study recognises that South Africa does not lack policies to ensure R&D outcomes such as innovation, industrial development, employment, and economic growth. As such, the starting point is a policy analysis of the science, technology, innovation, and industrial landscape under the Department of Science, Technology and Innovation and the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition.