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Inequality and Economic Inclusion

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Inequality and Economic Inclusion (59)

South Africa remains one of the most inequitable countries in the world, distinguished by unusually high levels of joblessness as well as inequalities in wages and asset ownership. TIPS work in this area has focused on:

  • How the structure of the economy affects unemployment, local economic development and economic opportunities. This work has considered the nature of dominant industries and value chains, competition, education and training systems, small enterprise, the informal sector and labour markets.
  • The effects of the spatial inequality that was entrenched under apartheid, both in terms of the persistence of profound differentials between the former “homelands” and the rest of the country as well as within urban areas, especially the metros. TIPS has looked at migrant labour in mining; rural development strategies; the agricultural value chain; and the scope for payment for environmental services to create rural employment.
  • Support for employment-creation programmes and in particular the Community Work Programme (CWP). This work has included advisory services on the scaling up of the CWP, facilitation of alignment between the Department of Cooperative Governance and other partner departments, and inputs into the monitoring and evaluation of the programme. 

See past projects

Monday, 01 June 2009

Strategies to support South African smallholders as a contribution to government’s second economy strategy - Volume 1: Situation analysis, fieldwork findings and main conclusions

  • Year 2009
  • Organisation PLAAS
  • Author(s) Michael Aliber; Mompati Baiphethi; Rick de Satge; Jonathan Denison; Tim Hart; Peter Jacobs and Wim van Averbeke; with Rauri Alcock; Mike Antwi; Abenet Belete; Ben Cousins; Larry Field; Irvine Mariga; Patrick Masika; Simeon Materechera; David Mayson; Nomakhaya Monde and Barbara Tapela
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
Within the ambit of the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa, government is leading a process to define a Second Economy Strategy. One of the opportunities that has been identified is the agricultural sector, in particular fostering a larger number of smallholder agriculturalists. The study seeks to identify…
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
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Friday, 17 April 2009

Employment Intermediation for Unskilled and Low-skilled Work Seekers - Part 1: Overview of the Sector

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation NB Ideas In association with Indego Consulting and Strategies for Change
  • Author(s) TIPS
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
Unemployment is one of the biggest challenges facing South Africa. Growth has been inadequate, the skills level requirement of new jobs is continually rising, current skills among the workforce are low and inadequate numbers of low end, unskilled jobs are being created. Finding mechanisms to address this challenge is a…
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
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Friday, 17 April 2009

Governance and Governability: What are the Challenges for an Inclusive City?

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation Urban LandMark
  • Author(s) Monty Narsoo
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
In discussing the relationship between governance and inclusivity this paper’s central argument is that unless there is an ability to build a responsive government at all spheres than there is no connection between the two. The ability of the state to respond to the citizenry requires that it can match…
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Friday, 17 April 2009

Employment Intermediation for Unskilled and Low-skilled Work Seekers - Part 2: Case Studies of Local and International Experience

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation NB Ideas in partnership with Strategies for Change and Indego Consulting
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
Wednesday, 01 April 2009

Income and non-income inequality in post-apartheid South Africa: What are the drivers and possible policy interventions?

  • Year 2009
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Haroon Bhorat; Carlene van der Westhuizen; Toughedah Jacobs
South Africa has historically been ranked as one of the most unequal societies in the world, and while the country has experienced sustained positive economic growth since 1994, the impact of this growth on poverty, and particularly inequality, has been disappointing. Analysis using data from the 1995 and 2000 Income…
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Tuesday, 24 March 2009

Second Economy Strategy Framework: Addressing Inequality and Economic Marginalisation

  • Year 2009
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Kate Philip
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
The research and policy proposals from the process of reviewing the performance of existing government programmes targeting the second economy and developing an expanded strategy were presented to a 'Work in Progress' workshop in May 2008 and to a conference entitled 'Second Economy Strategy: Addressing Inequality and Economic Marginalisation', held…
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
Sunday, 01 February 2009

Understanding inequality: Promoting equity

  • Year 2009
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Paul Benjamin; Nicole Yazbek
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) a third of the global workforce is either unemployed or underemployed barely eking out a living through informal work; selfemployment or as wage workers involved in precarious employment. International competitive pressures have led to a restructuring of organizations toward decentralized production networks and…
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
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Thursday, 01 January 2009

How tenure security can increase access to economic opportunities to poor people

  • Year 2009
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Lauren Royston
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
The paper argues for a broad based access to property, broader than access to title allows, with the potential for wider, quicker and more sustained reach. It motivates for a place for tenure security in the second economy strategy as a means for securing access to property, a pre-condition for…
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Monday, 17 November 2008

Creating Access to Economic Opportunities in Small and Medium Sized Towns

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation Urban LandMark
  • Author(s) Doreen Atkinson
The task is to reflect on the building of the second economy in small and medium sized towns. This involves a review of secondary sources, as well as an input on quantitative measures to support the main arguments. The paper should draw on: i) Comparative policies for small and medium-sized…
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
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Tuesday, 11 November 2008

The Review of Second economy Programmes: An Overview for the Presidency's Fifteen Year Review

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation Second Economy Strategy Project
  • Author(s) Kate Philip;Ebrahim-Khalil Hassen
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
At the July 2007 Cabinet lekgotla, the Presidency was tasked with conducting a review of existing government programmes that target the 'second economy', in order to identify where programmes can be scaled up to achieve greater impacts, and where further innovation may be needed. The Review of Second Economy Programmes…
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Saturday, 01 November 2008

Strengthening the Impacts of Economic Development Strategies on Urban Poverty

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Glen Robbins For Urban LandMark
South Africa is continuing to urbanise, perhaps not as rapidly as some developing countries but certainly at a rate which has generated a considerable degree of policy anguish over its accompanying rising levels of urban poverty. The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa expressed concern that there is an…
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Saturday, 01 November 2008

Making Markets work for People and the Environment: Employment Creation from Payment for Eco-Systems Services

We conducted a partial sectoral analysis of the market for ecosystem goods and services in SouthAfrica by doing the following: We mapped the areas of high eco system productivity and poverty. By overlaying the two datasets, we identified the priority areas for developing markets for ecosystem goods andservices. We estimated…
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Saturday, 01 November 2008

Access to Services for Poor People in Urban Areas

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) CSIR For Urban LandMark
This report provides an analytical reflection on the provision of infrastructure services in urban areas, with the aim of enhancing the access of the poor in urban areas to these services. It commences by considering what is meant by “access” to services, pointing out that much more is involved than…
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Saturday, 01 November 2008

Development of the Urban Development Component for a Second Economy Strategy

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Urban LandMark
This report is based on work undertaken towards developing the urban component of a second economy strategy, as part of the Second Economy Project, an initiative of the Presidency. Within this project Urban LandMark (ULM) was appointed by Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) to investigate the urban development component…
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Saturday, 01 November 2008

Missing the Target: Business Development Support to the Second Economy

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Lochner Marais
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
Conceptualising the second economy No detailed process will be followed in order to define the concept second economy’. The Second Economy Strategy Project (2008:2) probably summarises it best: “In sum, the concept of the ‘second economy’ is being used as a metaphor to focus policy attention on continued inequality, disadvantage…
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
Saturday, 01 November 2008

Challenges of Inclusive Cities: Making urban spaces and places for all

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Nisa Mammon;Kathryn Ewing;Jody Patterson For Urban LandMark
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
This paper unpacks from a spatial perspective, the duality of urban contexts in South Africa that is of unprecedented opulence on the one hand and remarkable deprivation on the other, as stated by Sen (1999: xi). Although focused on the second economy as required by the terms of reference and…
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Wednesday, 01 October 2008

Employment intermediation for unskilled and low-skilled work seekers – Part 11: Case studies - NB Ideas with Strategies for Change and Indego Consulting

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) NB Ideas with Strategies for Change and Indego Consulting
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
This document is part two of a three part report on employment intermediation. Part one provides an overview of the sector, internationally and nationally, and part three captures the recommendations for further work towards strengthening the sector. In this second part of that report, seven case studies of existing employment…
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Wednesday, 01 October 2008

Local labour placement project: Overstrand Municipality

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Overstrand Municipality
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
The Local Labour Promotion Project (hereafter LLPP) has been developed internally within the Overstrand Municipality which is situated in the Overberg District of the Western Cape Province. The LLPP was developed initially in 2005 to deal with the high level of municipal services arrears owed by unemployed debtors in the…
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Wednesday, 01 October 2008

Business health check: Western Cape Bus Operators’ Transport Co-operative Ltd (Siyakhula)

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Karen Harrison
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
Siyakhula, or the Western Cape Bus Operators’ Transport Cooperative Ltd, operates within the bus sector of the transport industry. A brief description of the sector follows in order to contextualise the operations of the cooperative. The transport, storage and communications sector increased its share in real output growth in the…
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Wednesday, 01 October 2008

Transport and the Urban Poor

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Mathetha Mokonyama For Urban LandMark
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
The aim of the paper is to articulate necessary state interventions to improve transport services for the urban poor in South Africa. The paper forms part of a larger study intended to inform a strategic response to the challenges of the “second economy” in the South African urban areas. The…
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Wednesday, 01 October 2008

Employment intermediation for unskilled and low-skilled work seekers Part 1: Overview , NB Ideas, with Strategies for Change and Indego Consulting

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) NB Ideas with Strategies for Change and Indego Consulting
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
Unemployment is one of the biggest challenges facing South Africa. Growth has been inadequate, the skills level requirement of new jobs is continually rising, current skills among the workforce are low and inadequate numbers of low end, unskilled jobs are being created. Finding mechanisms to address this challenge is a…
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Published in Second Economy Strategy Project
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Wednesday, 01 October 2008

Emergency Relief in Informal Settlements: Proposals for Action

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Mark Misselhorn and Tanya Zack For Urban LandMark
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
CONTEXT This document is a response to the aspiration of National Treasury to define practical mechanisms which will enable emergency relief for informal settlements and associated urban economy interventions to rapidly occur on a national basis. This aspiration flows largely from a draft urban strategy for the second economy formulated…
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Wednesday, 01 October 2008

The State of Land Use Management in South Africa

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Sarah Charlton For Urban LandMark
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
This paper contributes to the urban component of the forthcoming ‘second economy’1 strategy. The brief called for a reflection on the issue of urban land use management (LUM), and extraction of the implications for the urban poor. For the most part the task involved a secondary analysis of work undertaken…
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Monday, 01 September 2008

The Fisheries Sector: Expanding Economic Opportunities through Regulatory Change

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) FEIKE
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
Presently, deep-sea vessels fishing Hake under-catch their annual allocation by nearly 10,000 tons and it is claimed that this is because there is no basis on which to target by-catch once the allowable Hake quota has been caught. The following policy and regulatory issues would permit Horse Mackerel, which is…
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Monday, 01 September 2008

Linking small and marginalised producers to external markets: New ideas for demand-side measures using value chain analysis

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Sandy Lowitt
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
This executive summary is not presented in the usual manner of summarising the findings of each chapter of the report. The complexity and detail covered in the report, and the nuances in the debates, makes such an option impossible. Rather, a brief overview of the key issues and approaches is…
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Monday, 01 September 2008

Potential for a South African Aquaculture Industry on the Northern Cape's Namaqualand Coast

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) FEIKE
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
In the 1980s, aquaculture, or fish farming, was in its infancy, globally. Today, it accounts for close to 50 million tons annually, making up nearly half of all fish products consumed. Of this, Africa has a 1% market share and South Africa accounts for about 1% of the African slice.…
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Friday, 15 August 2008

Energy-based poverty indicators: Meeting AsgiSA targets

  • Year 2008
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Claire Vermaak; Marcel Kohler; Dr Bruce Rhodes
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
Since 1994 the South African government has identified poverty alleviation as a key policy goal. This objective was formulated under the auspices of the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) policy which has arguably had limited success (Hassan, 2001). In 2004 the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA)…
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Monday, 26 February 2007

Changes in HIV/AIDS knowledge and testing behavior in Africa: How much and for whom?

  • Year 2004
  • Author(s) Peter Glick; David Sahn
  • Countries and Regions South Africa
AIDS has had its most devastating impacts in Africa and the prevalence of the disease continues to rise in most African countries. With a feasible vaccine still years away, reduction in risk behaviors remains the only way to reverse the epidemic. An obvious prerequisite for behavior change is that people…
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Published in Inequality and Economic Inclusion
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Wednesday, 31 January 2007

The impacts of globalisation and liberalisation on inequality

  • Year 2006
  • Organisation TIPS
  • Author(s) Albert Berry
Description In his paper, Albert Berry - professor of economics and director of the Latin American programme at the Centre for International Studies of the University of Toronto - identifies the impacts of globalisation and liberalisation on inequality. He finds that data deficiencies and a lack of in-depth analysis of…
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