Welcome and introduction by Gaylor Montmasson-Clair (TIPS)
Overview of the project by Hameda Deedat (NALEDI)
Facilitated by:
Thomas Mnguni, Community Activity, groundwork and Melisizwe Tyiso, Researcher, NALEDI
Panel:
Jabu Khambule, Regional Educator, Highveld Region, National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), Emalahleni, Mpumalanga
Thembisile Mbethe, Vukani Environmental Justice Movement in Action (VEM), Emalahleni, Mpumalanga
Sicelo Masina, ex-worker Optimum Coal Mine, Steve Tshwete, Mpumalanga
Sipho Dhlamini, CEPPWAWU, Mpumalanga Regional Secretary
Discussion:
Michael Nkosi, LED Department, Steve Tshwete Local Municipality, Mpumalanga
Anna-Marth Ott, CEO, Middleburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI), Steve Tshwete, Mpumalanga
On 19 August, the SA-TIED programme will host its final in a series of policy dialogues to enhance engagement on pertinent economic and social issues facing southern Africa.
This policy dialogue will be hosted under the work stream on Regional growth for southern Africa’s prosperity and will discuss strengthening regional economic development.
COVID-19 has created a trade crisis in southern Africa with a dramatic slowdown in cross-border trade. The crisis, which exposed weaknesses and deficiencies in the trade facilitation regimes, presents an opportunity for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) to address and contribute to greater levels of trade within Africa.
What is the impact of the border closures in response to the pandemic, and its impact on trade and the movement of goods in and out of the southern African development community? How then should the AfCFTA address the long-term problems of weak trade facilitation systems and bring in measures that would advance greater intra-regional co-operation?
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have become common across southern Africa in the past 20 years. In line with experiences in the rest of the world, they have had at best marginal success. Their essential premise is that it should be more efficient and effective to establish an enclave with world-class administration and infrastructure than to address cross-cutting blockages to growth. In east Asia, this approach was able to build on a broader national industrialization trajectory. In southern Africa, by contrast, it has proved unable to offset the main constraints on investment. The case of SEZs underscores the need to develop effective methodologies to test whether policy solutions developed in very different circumstances are viable in southern Africa.
Plastics are ubiquitous across the region and play an important role in multiple industries. Most plastics products are based on a value chain that is grounded in petroleum refining, posing an environmental challenge. Plastic manufacturing in South Africa suffers from the high cost of inputs. Mozambique is endowed with large deposits of natural gas. What then is the potential for the sustainable development of a plastics value chain in southern Africa?
The policy dialogue will begin with a synthesis of research findings produced under the work stream on Regional growth for southern Africa’s prosperity by Saul Levin, TIPS executive director.
Following the synthesis presentation, speakers will dive into the main topics listed below. The discussion will be moderated by Mashudu Masutha, media liaison for South Africa’s Minister of Finance.
The following issues will be explored in the discussion:
Saul Levin, executive director at TIPS
Neva Makgetla, senior economist at TIPS
Faizel Ismail, research fellow at TIPS
Liako Mofo, senior economist at TIPS
Register online
Register for the policy dialogue here.
Presentations
Thobile Mawelela - TIPS economist
Presentation: Small businesses and the post Covid-19 recovery data and trends
Gabriel Davel - CEO for the Centre for Credit Market Development; previously CEO of the National Credit Regulator
Presentation: Impact of the Covid-19 on credit flows
Dave Wilson (CEO National Mentorship Movement) and Sandra Makumbirofa (TIPS Economist)
Presentation: Supporting small business through mentorship programmes
Media
Simone Lidetke, Engineering News, 23 June 2021: Covid-19's devastation of SMME sector 'cannot be underplayed', says small business dept
Sarah Smit, Mail & Guardian, 25 June 2021: Covid undoes a decade of progress in small-business ownership
Press release
Real SME support critical to an economic recovery plan
This Development Dialogue will provide an overview of the small business sector in South Africa, and then discuss the role of
strengthening access to finance to small business in the post COVID-19 recovery period and the important role
that mentorship plays in strengthening small business.
Background
Small businesses have long offered hope in South Africa as a means to grow the economy and create jobs. During periods of major economic crisis they are the highly vulnerable to closing and shedding jobs. The 2008/9 global financial crisis had a major impact on the economy and small businesses in South Africa with an 11% decline amounting to the loss of 80 000 businesses; COVID-19 looks set to have a significantly worse impact on the economy. How are small businesses fairing? What measures can be taken to arrest the decline of this critical part of the economy so that we don't repeat the mistakes of the last major economic crisis?
About the Speakers
Mojalefa Mohoto is a Chief Director in the Department of Small Business Development (Opening remarks)
Thobile Mawelela is an economist at TIPS
Gabriel Davel is the CEO for the Centre for Credit Market Development and was previously the CEO of the National Credit Regulator.
Dave Wilson is the CEO of the National Mentorship Movement
Sandra Makumbirofa is an economist at TIPS
Media
South Africa's just transition must accomodate myriad of considerations (Tasneem Bulbia, Engineering News, 3 June 2021)
Going coal turkey: SA's dilemma as it aims to develop greener economy (Lameez Omarjee, Fin24, 7 June 2021)
Press release
Tangible plans for economic diversification critical to a just transition in Mpumalanga
Media
Going coal turkey: SA's dilemma as it aims to develop greener economy (Lameez Omarjee, Fin24, 7 June 2021
South Africa’s just transition must accommodate myriad of considerations (Tasneem Bulbulai, Engineering News, 3 June 2021)
BackgroundAbout the Speakers
Jay Naidoo is a South African public figure and social activist. He is a board member of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, promoting governance and leadership in Africa. Previously, he was a Minister in President Nelson Mandela's Cabinet and the Founding General Secretary of Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).
Promise Mabilo is the co-ordinator of Vukani Environmental Justice Movement in Action (VEJMA), a community-based organisation in eMalahleni, Mpumalanga. The organisation was established in 2016 with the vision of promoting awareness of and advocating for environmental justice within the Mpumalanga Highveld and the country. Mabilo is an environmental justice activist and an alumni of the groundWork environmental justice school.
Lucky Moni is an Energy Researcher and National Educator at the Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union (CEPPWAWU), based in Mpumalanga.
Nonkululeko Makua is the Climate Change Champion of the Emalahleni Municipality. She is also the Manager for Parks, Cemeteries and Public Open Spaces, in the Environmental and Waste Management Directorate of the municipalities.
Alex Khumalo is the Head: Social Performance at Minerals Council South Africa. He has long-standing experience and expertise in socio-economic development, transformation strategies, community engagement and community empowerment, notably as the Owner and Chief Impact Officer of Lean Logic Solutions, and the Community Engagement Officer at Anglo American Platinum.
About the Facilitator
Peta Wolpe is an Energy and Climate Change Practitioner. She has extensive experience of working in urban energy and climate change, focusing on energy poverty and local level governance and policy. She was the Managing Director of Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA) for over 12 years. She is also an Associate Director of SouthSouthNorth.
Presentations
Neva Makgetla - Senior Economist, TIPS
Presentation: The pandemic and the economy in southern Africa
Klaus Schade - Independent Economic Analyst in Namibia
Presentation: The economic impact of Covid-19 on SADC: The Namibian experience
Gibson Chigumira - Executive Director, Zimbabwe Economic Policy Analysis and Research Unit (ZEPARU)
Presentation: Synopsis of COVID-19 situation and policy responses in Zimbabwe
Itumeleng Mokoena - Intern, TIPS
Presentation: The COVID-19 pandemic and the economy in Southern Africa: Botswana's response
Additional Research
The COVID-19 pandemic and the economy in Southern Africa
Media
Tourism bears brung of Covid-19 pandemic across SADC - researchers (Lameez Omarjee, Fin 24, 21 May 2021)
Southern African countries' Covid-19 economic recovery rapid – TIPS (Donna Slater, Engineering News, 19 May 2021)
Press release
COVID-19 leaves SADC poor worse off
This Development Dialogue takes place in the context of the SA-TIED programme. It provides an overview of the economic impact on SADC, and then unpack the specific issues impacting on Namibia, Zimbabwe and Botswana.
14:00 Opening and welcome by chairperson: Themba Khumalo 14:05 – 15:05 Presentations: · Neva Makgetla: Overview of the economic impact on SADC · Klaus Schade: Namibian experience · Gibson Chigumira: Zimbabwean experience · Itumeleng Mokoena: Botswanan experience 15:05 – 15:30 Discussion |
Background As in the rest of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic had a severe economic fall-out in Southern Africa, which endured an economic depression in 2020. The economic outcomes varied significantly over the course of the year, however. A sharp downturn linked to regional and international lockdowns in the second quarter was followed by a rebound in the remainder of the year. For 2020 as a whole, the regional GDP was around 6% below 2019. The available evidence indicates that the pandemic depression aggravated inequalities in Southern Africa, which were already among the worst in the world. Less-skilled workers saw a disproportionate loss of livelihoods; small businesses were also more likely to close down than larger ones; and government cuts to services in response to falling revenues had the sharpest impact on low-income households and communities. |
About the Speakers Themba Khumalo is the Director of Africa Integration and Industrial Development at South Africa’s Department of Trade, Industry and Competition. Neva Makgetla is a senior economist at TIPS. Makgetla has published widely on the South African economy and worked for many years in government. Klaus Schade is an independent economic analyst in Namibia. Gibson Chigumira is the Executive Director of the Zimbabwe Economic Policy Analysis & Research Unit (ZEPARU). Itumeleng Mokoena is an intern at TIPS. |
Presentations
Nkosinathi Nkonyane - Senior Manager, Economic Policy and Planning, Department of Economic Development and Tourism (Mpumalanga Province)
Presentation: Implementing the Mpumalanga green economy plan
Louise Scholtz - Senior Programme Manager: Urban Futures, Policy and Futures Unit, WWF-SA; Carla Hudson, Programme Manager: Mine Water Coordinating Body, and Operational Lead – Mpumalanga, Impact Catalyst
Presentation: Mine rehabilitation as a platform for socio-economic development in Mpumalanga
Stanley Semelane - Senior Researcher in Climate Services, CSIR
Presentation: Just Transition and sectoral solutions
Gillian Chigumira - Economist, TIPS
Presentation: A Just Transition in Mpumalanga away from coal - Unlocking jobs in the agricultural sector
Belinda Heichler - President, South African Coal Ash Association; and General Manager, Kwikbulk
Kelley Reynolds-Clausen Vice-President, South African Coal Ash Association; and Eskom
Emerging opportunities for using coal ash
Media
Lameez Omarjee, Fin24, 29 March 2021: Can farming revive Mpumalanga's economy when coal power stations close? Read as a PDF.
FIN24, ESI Africa, 26 March 2021: No silver bullet but many ways to renew Mpumalanga’s economy
Terence Creamer, Mining News, 25 March 2021: Agriculture seen as key just transition enabler in Mpumalanga, but arable land needs urgent safeguarding
Additional research (Water Research Commission)
Practising Adaptive IWRM (Integrated Water Resources Management) in South Africa (July 2018)
Appendix A: Regulation throughout the coal mining life cycle
Appendix D: How to engage with coal mines through a Catchment Management Forum
Appendix E: Record of Upper Komati Catchment Management Forum (UKCMF) dialogues
Appendix F: Ecological infrastructure, mining licensing and contestation
Background
South Africa has initiated a transition to a more sustainable development pathway. This notably involves moving towards a low-carbon economy. In a highly unequal society like South Africa, the need for a just transition, which would empower vulnerable stakeholders, has emerged as an imperative. Vulnerable stakeholders (such as workers, small businesses and low-income communities) should not be negatively impacted by the transition and should ideally be better off through it.Presentations
Gaylor Montmasson-Clair - Senior Economist, TIPS
Presentation: Policy toolbox for a Just Transition
Mike Mulcahy - CEO, GreenCape
Presentation: Green Economy Cluster - The value of clustering in the South Africa economy
Janivi Da Silva - Director of Programmes, GreenMatter
Presentation: A composite approach for skills development towards a Just Transition for South Africa
Tashmia Ismail-Saville - CEO, Youth Employment Service (YES)
Presentation: Just Transition
Media
Press release: Building blocks for a just transition in place
Marleny Arnoldi, Engineering News, 18 February 2021: TIPS encourages South Africa to leverage just transition imperatives already in place
Background
South Africa has initiated a transition to a more sustainable development pathway. This notably involves moving towards a low-carbon economy. In a highly unequal society like South Africa, the need for a just transition, which would empower vulnerable stakeholders, has emerged as an imperative. Vulnerable stakeholders (such as workers, small businesses and low-income communities) should not be negatively impacted by the transition and should ideally be better off through it.
International experience suggests that fostering a just transition requires long-term, ambitious interventions at multiple levels. South Africa's mix of measures remains in development and a high source of debate. This dialogue aims to inform this just transition process. It explores a number of possible cross-cutting options to foster a just transition process in South Africa, namely:
About the Speakers
Gaylor Montmasson-Clair will present on the policy toolbox for a just transition. Gaylor is a Senior Economist at TIPS, where he leads work on Sustainable Growth. He has carried extensive research on the transition to an inclusive green economy from a developing country perspective, with a focus on policy frameworks, industrial development, just transition and resource security. He was one of the lead authors of South Africa's National Employment Vulnerability Assessment (NEVA) and associated Sector Jobs Resilience Plans (SJRPs).
Mike Mulcahy will discuss the role of the cluster approach as a vehicle to foster a just transition. Mike is the CEO of GreenCape, a green economy sector development agency. GreenCape's work has focussed on understanding and then removing barriers to commercially-viable projects across energy, water and waste. GreenCape sits at the nexus of industry, government and academia, allowing a unique perspective on pragmatic solutions to transition to a green economy.
Janavi Da Silva will unpack the role of skills development in a just transition context. Janavi is the Director of Programmes at GreenMatter, which works towards unlocking the environmental, social and economic potential of South Africa through the development of suitably skilled biodiversity specialists, researchers and professionals. She has a deep experience in working for social and environmental enterprise and skills development.
Tashmia Ismail-Saville will present on the importance of youth employment programmes to achieve a just transition. Tashmia is the CEO of the Youth Employment Service (YES), a joint initiative between business, labour and government, which addresses South Africa's youth unemployment challenge. Together with a dedicated team, she works towards creating thousands of work experiences in South Africa. She has expertise in setting up organisations and has made contributions locally and internationally in the areas of innovation, inclusive business, digitisation of knowledge and business development, economic and behavioural research.
About the Facilitator
Muhammed Patel is an Economist at TIPS. He has experience in the coal and petrochemical value chains. He is the lead author of the National Employment Vulnerability Assessment (NEVA) and Sector Jobs Resilience Plan (SJRP) for the coal value chain in South Africa.
Presentations
Nick Robins, Professor in Practice – Sustainable Finance, Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics: Just Transition Welcome and Introduction
Media
ESI Africa 20 January 2021: How to finance the just energy transition in South Africa and India
Engineering News 19 January 2021 Terrence Creamer: Project launched to define role of finance in South Africa and India's 'just transitions'
Ensuring the transition to net zero and resilient economies is just and inclusive has never been more important as climate action builds momentum and the urgent need for a green and just recovery from COVID-19 arises.
South Africa and India, two of the largest coal-dependent emerging economies, are beginning to explore how to ensure no one is left behind in the transition, particularly in coal-dependent regions, and the most vulnerable can access emerging opportunities including new quality jobs in net zero sectors.
It is clear that financial institutions have a critical role to play in helping achieve a just transition in both countries - more practical guidance is now needed to signal where financing is needed and how it can be enabled by specific policy, market and regulatory mechanisms.
The Just Transition Finance Roadmaps in South Africa and India project will build on existing local processes and encourage tangible action, particularly on the road to COP26. The following partners are involved: Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies, National Business Initiative, Observer Research Foundation, LSE Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, and Harvard Kennedy School’s Initiative for Responsible Investment, with support from the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
This project has been catalysed with funding from CDC Group.
Agenda
14.30-14.40 Welcome and Project Launch: Nick Robins, Professor in Practice – Sustainable Finance, Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics
14.40-14.50 Fireside chat: Nick O’Donohoe, Chief Executive Officer, CDC Group in conversation with Nick Robins
14.50-14.55 Opening remarks: What is the role of finance in enabling a just transition in South Africa? Joanne Yawitch, Chief Executive Officer, National Business Initiative
14.55-15.00 Opening remarks: What is the role of finance in enabling a just transition in India? Rathin Roy, Managing Director - Research and Policy, Overseas Development Institute
15.00-15.35 Panel discussion
Moderator: David Wood, Director of the Initiative for Responsible Investment , Harvard Kennedy School
• Amal-Lee Amin, Climate Change Director, CDC Group
• Rudi Dicks, Board member, Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies
• Royston Braganza, Chief Executive Officer, Grameen Capital India
15.35-15.55 Q&A session
15.55-16.00 Closing remarks: Suranjali Tandon, Assistant Professor, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy
Marleny Arnoldi, Engineering News. 3 November 2020: Financing instruments need to be overhauled for a successful just transition
Background
Richard Halsey - Project90by2030
Presentation: Remaking our energy future
Report: Remaking Our Energy Future: Towards a Just Energy Transition (JET) in South Africa
Nthabiseng Mohlakoana - Centre for Complex Systems in Transition
Presentation: Unravelling South Africa's Just Transition: Unpacking the energy-level impacts
Dominic Brown - Economic Justice Programme, Alternative Information and Development Centre
Presentation: Why only the public can save us
Report: Eskom Transformed - Achieving a Just Energy Transition for South Africa
Angelo Coppola, AfricaLive on CGTN Africa. 19 November 2020. Interview with Gaylor Montmasson-Clair at 37.17: https://youtu.be/VRm0uJQ0Tug
Lameez Omarjee, Fin24. 18 November 2020: Eskom plans for coal-fired plant closures as it eyes zero emissions
Terence Creamer, Engineering News. 17 November 2020: Eskom moves to finalise just energy transition framework as shutdown of grootblei and hendrina draws near
Background
South Africa, a carbon-intensive economy, has initiated a transition to a more sustainable development pathway. While this is an economy-wide transformation, the transformation of the electricity supply industry (ESI) is at the centre of this shift. In a highly unequal society like South Africa, the need for a just transition, which would empower vulnerable stakeholders, has emerged as an imperative. This has implications for the workers, businesses and communities relying, for their livelihood, on the existing and/or transformed ESI. It also has critical implications in terms of access to energy from households and other customers.
This dialogue aims to inform this just transition process. It explores the ground-level impacts associated with a just transition away from coal. It builds on two previous dialogues hosted on 7 July, 29 September and 3 November.
About the Speakers
Mandy Rambharos is the Head of Eskom’s newly-established Just Energy Transition office. She was previously the utility’s Head of Climate Change and Sustainable Development and has been involved in sustainability issues for more than a decade. Mandy will present on the results from Eskom’s socio-economic impact studies and the utility’s work on developing a Just Energy Transition Roadmap.
Richard Halsey is a researcher at environmental non-governmental organisation Project90by2030. He co-ordinates the Electricity Governance South Africa network, a grouping of civil society organisations dedicated to promoting transparent, inclusive and accountable decision-making in the energy sector. Richard will present on Remaking Our Energy Future: Towards a Just Energy Transition in South Africa.
Nthabiseng Mohlakoana is a researcher and lecturer at the Centre for Complex Systems in Transition at the University of Stellenbosch. She has over 15 years of experience in research focusing on energy policy implementation, energy access and use as well as gender mainstreaming in the energy sector. Nthabiseng will present on the interplay between energy access issues and just transition in South Africa.
Dominic Brown is the Coordinator of the Economic Justice Programme at the Alternative Information and Development Centre, an activist think-tank supporting worker struggles and social movements for economic, social, and environmental justice. He focuses on political economy research and facilitates popular education and trainings with social movements and trade unions. Dominic will present on Eskom Transformed: Achieving a Just Energy Transition for South Africa.
About the Facilitator
Gaylor Montmasson-Clair is a Senior Economist at TIPS, where he leads work on Sustainable Growth. He has carried out extensive research on the transition to an inclusive green economy from a developing country perspective, with a focus on policy frameworks, industrial development, just transition and resource security.
This webinar builds on a three earlier dialogues, hosted on 7 July, 29 September and 3 November.
Muhammed Patel - TIPS
Report: Sector Jobs Resilience Plan: Coal value chain
Pulane Mafoea Nkalai - Sam Tambani Research Institute
Presentation: Energy Mix choices and the protection of workers’ interests in South Africa
Michelle Cruywagen, Megan Davies and Mark Swilling - Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University
David Hallowes - groundWork
Presentation: Down to Zero
Report: Down to Zero - The politics of just transition (David Hallowes and Victor Munnik 2019)
Gemma Gatticchi, Bloomberg. 4 November 2020: Renewable energy drive threatens 120,000 South African jobs
Background
South Africa, a carbon-intensive economy, has initiated a transition to a more sustainable development pathway. While this is an economy-wide transformation, the progressive decline of the coal value chain is at the centre of this shift. In a highly unequal society like South Africa, the need for a just transition, which would empower vulnerable stakeholders, has emerged as an imperative. Beyond the stakeholders who rely on it for their livelihood, the coal value chain plays a singular role in the South African economy, society, politics and psyche. As such, the transition in South Africa’s coal value chain has the potential to influence the country’s entire socio-economic trajectory. This dialogue aims to inform this just transition process. It explores the ground-level impacts associated with a just transition away from coal.
This webinar builds on a two earlier dialogues, hosted on 7 July and 29 September.
South Africa, a carbon-intensive economy, has initiated a transition to a more sustainable development pathway. While this is centred on the energy sector, the transition is an economy-wide transformation. In a highly unequal society like South Africa, the need for a just transition which would empower vulnerable stakeholders has emerged as an imperative. Yet tensions remain, which hinder an inclusive process and outcomes. Part of the early process is forming a unified understanding and pathway that is inclusive and just. What do stakeholders mean when they talk about a just transition? How can South Africa achieve a just transition? This dialogue explores stakeholder perspectives from government, the private sector, the labour movement and civil society. It builds on a first dialogue hosted on 7 July (see recording below).
About the Speakers
Tracey Davies is the Executive Director of Just Share, a non-profit shareholder activism organisation. She is admitted as an attorney in South Africa, and is a renowned expert on responsible investment, shareholder activism, and corporate governance and transparency in South Africa.
Ashraf Kariem is Chief Expert Economy in the National Planning Commission (NPC) secretariat, within the Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME). He was part of the team overseeing the NPC's just transition dialogue process.
Jacklyn Cock is a professor emeritus in the Department of Sociology at the University of the Witwatersrand and an Honorary Research Professor in the Society, Work and Development Research Unit (SWOP). She has written extensively on environment, gender and militarisation issues.
Sherman Indhul is the Executive Manager: Corporate Sustainability at Transnet. His experience over the past 15 years in the public and private sectors has led to a focus on sustainability, and specifically on climate change. He notably sits on the Steering Committee of the National Business Initiative's (NBI) Just Transition Pathways Project.
Muhammed Patel is an Economist at TIPS. He has experience in the coal and petrochemical value chains. He is the lead author of the National Employment Vulnerability Assessment (NEVA) and Sector Jobs Resilience Plan (SJRP) for the coal value chain in South Africa.
About the Facilitator
Gaylor Montmasson-Clair is a Senior Economist at TIPS, where he leads work on Sustainable Growth. He has carried out extensive research on the transition to an inclusive green economy from a developing country perspective, with a focus on policy frameworks, industrial development, just transition and resource security.
Please register: https://zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_wgNwl1ZwTpmlou9Vpl3JEQ
This webinar builds on a first dialogue hosted on 7 July.
Tasneem Essop is a Commissioner in the National Planning Commission of South Africa and the Executive Director of the Climate Action Network. An expert on climate, energy, poverty and social justice issues, Tasneem is the Founding Director of the Energy Democracy Initiative in South Africa. Muhammed Patel is an Economist at TIPS. He has experience in the coal and petrochemical value chains. He is the lead author of the National Employment Vulnerability Assessment (NEVA) and Sector Jobs Resilience Plan (SJRP) for the coal value chain in South Africa. MEDIA Presidential Climate Change Coordinating Commission seen as key to navigating South Africa’s ‘just transition’ - Terence Creamer, Engineering News 7 July 2020. |